What Major Trends Do You See Affecting The Roles Of...

A) What major trends do you see affecting the roles of purchasing managers in the next decade? In the globalization era, there are several major trends that affect to the roles of purchasing manager. As emerging markets assume a greater role in the global economy, the traditional demand and supply poles that have shaped global commerce over the last 50 years will change dramatically. More and more global company will have their purchasing managers based in China, India or Brazil. The procurement teams need to start developing expertise in local emerging market sourcing in China, Brazil, and India, as well as other developing economies. Sustainability is an essential strategy to business, especially the global company. Procurement function†¦show more content†¦The procurement leaders need to encourage their teams to adopt a social mindset and operating model that will sustain the corporate brand in this more transparent era. The people is in a center of change dimensions. The future purchasing leaders will assess their intellectual, geographic diversity, and recruiting sources. Procurement teams will expand and attract more people with backgrounds in education and professional services. Geographical shifts into new emerging market will require procurement teams to have a diverse workforce that will be more relevant to local social and cultural dictates. In the transparent world, the procurement organizations to go far beyond corporate social responsibility and must have a multidimensional approach to managing the supply chain. We cannot forget the foundation factors of purchasing organization including information system, finance and risk. As big data is increasingly intertwined into corporate decision-making processes, the purchasing manager will need to become more comfortable with advanced data mining and analysis techniques. They will also need to develop financial acumen that rivals those of their finance counterparts to build a leading company. The procurement risk management will adopt a more holistic strategy that includes total risk expo sure, risk mitigation investments and risk transfer pricing. The procurement leaders

Personal Narrative Personal Writing - 1652 Words

For as long as I can remember, my dad has always corrected my grammar and manners. As a lawyer, he writes and reviews thousands of legal documents, which has sharpened his writing skills tremendously. With these skills comes a grammar geek who loves correcting people. Looking back at all the times my dad has reminded me of a certain rule, a particular occasion always comes to mind. This moment took place at my kitchen counter in Illinois when I was a Freshman in High School. It was a late weekday night in the Kennedy household and all five of us were awake as ever. My brother was in the basement, my sister was upstairs doing homework and skyping her friends, and my parents and I were in the kitchen. More specifically, my mom was making†¦show more content†¦Gazing past the kitchen island I see my mom cooking dinner. Like I said, it was a late night, so she was quickly making a large salad with some sort of meat for the family. I can envision the white walls, the light fixture hanging above my head, and the large bay windows that show the dark outlines of trees outside. I could hear my dog barking in the other room, and my phone as it vibrates on the countertop. I did not dare open my phone to answer a text unless I wanted another look from my dad that hinted to pay attention. Eventually, I tuned back in and listened to what my dad had to say. He was busy going over the â€Å"Me vs. I† rule, and how to figure out when to use either of the words. This simple rule is one that has stuck with me ever since this night. The rule states to use â€Å"I† when you are the subject, and use â€Å"me† when you are the object of the sentence. A quick trick my dad brought up was to take out the first part of the sentence and see if it makes sense. For example, â€Å"Kelsey and me went to the store.† If you took out â€Å"Kelsey and†, and the sentence did not sound right, that meant you were using the wrong word. The correct structure is â€Å"Kelsey and I went to the store.† This makes sense because â€Å"I went to the store† could stand alone as a sentence, while â€Å"Me went to the store† cannot. I had made lots of these mistakes in my paper, so by the time we got to the end of the essay, I knew the ruleShow MoreRelatedPersonal Writing : Personal Narrative2064 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"‘Oww!,’ I said as I fell off my bike.† These are the first words of a personal essay that I wrote in the second grade about learning how to ride a bicycle. I remember them so clearly because my teacher boasted to the class about my use of such an eye-catching introductory remark, so it seems appropriate to use those words here as well. Not only do these words mark the beginning of a growing girl’s literary journey, but also the start to a timeline of establishing a tangible identity for myself thatRead MorePersonal Writing : My Personal Narrative1331 Words   |  6 PagesWhen I was a little girl I loved to write, my father would give me silly little writing prompts and I would write short paragraphs of made up scenarios. My father really encouraged my writing at an early age, but as I grew a little bit older I realize that I struggled with it a lot. I can remember my very first personal journal. The stuff I would write was so underdeveloped, because I was so young but I didn’t care at the time. As I grew older, I became fond of roleplaying online on websites or inRead MorePersonal Writing : My Personal Narrative1036 Words   |  5 Pagesto see how our teacher liked our stories. Mine journal would always be filled with words of praise and tiny smiley faces she had drawn in the margins. This left me feeling unstoppable. I had finally found something at school that I was good at. Writing soon became my happy place. Even at such a young age, I would write when I felt alone. I was never the most social kid. I had plenty of friends but I wasn’t as outgoing as they were. While they were climbing up the slides and jumping off the monkeyRead MoreWriting Skills : A Personal Narrative850 Words   |  4 PagesClaude Sumner Mr. Rich Writing Skills: A Personal Narrative 15 January 2016 Throughout my life, I have faced many challenges. Like being kicked out of school, being kicked out of the house, and a lot of others. But all of those things add up to one challenge to me; myself. Everything I’ve been through in my life, now that I look back on it, has all been placed there so that I can learn about myself and who I am as a person. Coming from the area that I come from, an individual might be subjectedRead MoreCreative Writing : Personal Narrative1348 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Click,† went the door handle, as Tristan picked the lock on the door. â€Å"And we’re in,† he exclaimed. â€Å"Good job soldiers. One step closer to victory,† said Director Schwartz over the earpieces given before they set off. With Tristan and Evan taking out the dictator, the Spanish Government could reclaim the rest of lost, deserted government buildings, and restore the country back to normal. â€Å"Let’s go, Evan. You have the map, right?† Tristan asked. After Evan pulled out his phone they examinedRead MorePersonal Narrative - Travel Writing Essay823 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal Narrative - Travel Writing I took a final look around my room to make sure I hadnt forgotten anything. Feeling depressed, yet eager to go home, I walked out of the room lugging my suitcase behind me, as I carefully closed the door. I entered the elevator sorrowfully. I pressed the button to go to the lobby where I would be able to check out and hand back the key. The door opened and I stepped outside, still dragging my immensely heavy suitcase! Read MorePersonal Narrative Essay - Original Writing949 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal Narrative I am at room in a very spacious hotel with beautiful ambience and a relaxed atmosphere, far away from the hustles and bustles of this world. And as i could visualize an endless wilderness and say; â€Å"it’s in middle of nowhere†, so is this locational description of this hotel. What I now know though, is that it’s at the periphery of our Narok County, deep at the Maasai Mara, Kenya. The hotel usually visited by the high and mighty of this world: Hollywood movie producers, renownedRead More Personal Narrative- Improved Writing Essay984 Words   |  4 Pages My first real writing experience happened my junior year at HHS. It was the second to last day of school of my sophomore year, and I happened to be flipping through the course descriptions book, and was thinking of an English class to take next year. Well, I sat there and sat there thumbing through the pages, and finally, one particular class appealed to me. I thought, WOW, this is a class I should take! Yeah right, but I still decided to register for American Lit.anyway. Well, the schoolRead MorePersonal Narrative Essay - Original Writing1716 Words   |  7 PagesPersonal Narrative We all like to pretend that we have control over our lives. Being in control makes us feel powerful, like we are ready for anything. With everything that goes on in the world we never can truly be in full control of our lives, but the moments that we felt we were in control are looked back as good times in our lives. Of course, it’s the moments where we lose control that stick with us the most. The day I found out I would lose my dad for a year started a little differently thanRead MorePersonal Narrative Essay - Original Writing1716 Words   |  7 PagesPersonal Narrative We all like to pretend that we have control over our lives. Being in control makes us feel powerful, like we are ready for anything. With everything that goes on in the world we never can truly be in full control of our lives, but the moments that we felt we were in control are looked back as good times in our lives. Of course, it’s the moments where we lose control that stick with us the most. The day I found out I would lose my dad for a year started a little differently

Rappaccini’s Daughter by Nathaniel Hawthorne - 893 Words

Two boys stare at an unfamiliar girl sitting by herself and whisper, â€Å"She must be new,† to each other. They walk over to her, wanting to know about her, and ask her where she is from. The human tendency of wanting to know about the unknown is an idea writers such as Nathaniel Hawthorne use in their works. Hawthorne uses the style of Romanticism, which was most prominent during the early nineteenth century and includes specific traits such as devotion to nature, feelings of passion, and the lure of the exotic. It also emphasizes traits including the idea of solitary life rather than life in society, the reliance on the imagination, and the appreciation of spontaneity. â€Å"Rappaccini’s Daughter† by Hawthorne is about Doctor Rappaccinis garden†¦show more content†¦In summary, the lure of the exotic which Giovanni feels towards Beatrice and the flowers asserts that â€Å"Rappaccinis Daughter† is Romantic. The idea of solitary life rather than l ife in society is a theme interlaced throughout the short story. Early in the tale, Hawthorne writes, â€Å"[Giovanni] seated himself near the window, but within the shadow thrown by the depth of the wall, so that he could look down into the garden with little risk of being discovered.† Giovanni, wanting to be secluded, hid from view, and this adds to the solitary life theme. Furthermore, the author writes, â€Å"the desert of humanity around them †¦ [pressed] this insulated pair closer together,† to describe Giovanni and Beatrice find kinship (Hawthorne). Near the end of the narrative, both Giovanni and Beatrice become infused with poison. They are not able to live a normal life or be around society because their poison will injure or kill others. Beatrice even says that the poison had, â€Å"estranged [her] from all society of [her] kind† (Hawthorne). Therefore, solitary life, a concurrent theme and Romantic trait is existent in â€Å"Rappaccini’s Daughter.† Hawthorne’s story demonstrates an appreciation and idolization of nature. The author compares Beatrice to flowers: Soon there emerged from under a sculptured portal the figure of a young girl, arrayed with as much richness of taste as the most splendid of the flowers,Show MoreRelatedEssay on Rappaccinis Daughter by Nathaniel Hawthorne948 Words   |  4 PagesRappaccinis Daughter by Nathaniel Hawthorne In Rappaccinis Daughter, Nathaniel Hawthorne examines the combination of good and evil in people through the relationships of the storys main characters. The lovely and yet poisonous Beatrice, the daughter of the scientist Rappaccini, is the central figure of the story, while her neighbor Giovanni becomes the observer, participant, and interpreter of the strange events that transpire within the garden next door. It is Giovannis inabilityRead MoreRappaccinis Daughter And The Birthmark By Nathaniel Hawthorne Essay1294 Words   |  6 Pageskill human beings. Concerning this idea, Nathaniel Hawthorne is one of the American writers of the mid-nineteenth century who writes about art and science. This paper will describe the sort of science that need to be interrogated and how is combined by comparing â€Å"Rappaccini’s daughter† and â€Å"The Birthmark† by the role of the scientists, Dr. Aylmer and Dr. Rappaccini in â€Å"Rappaccini’s Daughter,† the influence on Aylmer’s wife character and Rappaccini’s daughter and finally the argument will be on howRead MoreAn Occurrence At Owl Creek Bridge And Rappaccinis Daughter By Nathaniel Hawt horne1233 Words   |  5 Pagesby Edgar Allan Poe and â€Å"Rappaccini’s Daughter† by Nathaniel Hawthorne display various methods of the integration of suspense in literature and its influence on the story. False relief, foreshadowing, and hidden truths being amongst the many. Likewise, the tone and mood of the story are vital to the establishment of suspense. They combine to influence the reader’s emotions whilst following the plot. Nathaniel Hawthorne utilizes suspense in his work Rappaccini s Daughter to emphasize the story’sRead MoreThemes Through Out Hawthorn. The Literary Works Of Nathaniel1343 Words   |  6 PagesHawthorn The literary works of Nathaniel Hawthorne are essentials in a comprehensive study of American literature. Nathaniel Hawthorne, a sixth generation American was born in Salem, Mass., on July 4, 1804. Hawthorne had an ancestor who was one of the three judges at the 17th-century Salem witchcraft trials. His Massachusetts family declined into relative obscurity over the generations, both facts impacted his life, imagination and writings. (â€Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne.† Columbia Encyclopedia) Two ofRead More Romanticism in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown, The Birthmark, and Rappaccinis Daughter1065 Words   |  5 PagesRomanticism in Young Goodman Brown, The Birth-Mark, and Rappaccinis Daughter  Ã‚  Ã‚      Nathaniel Hawthorne gives his own definition of romanticism in the preface to The House of Seven Gables. According to Hawthorne, the writer of a romance may claim a certain latitude and may deepen and enrich the shadows of the picture, as long as he does not swerve aside from the truth of the human heart. The writer of a romance will be wise...to mingle the Marvelous as long as he does it to a slightRead More Rappaccinis Daughter Essay: Allegory of the Garden of Eden1629 Words   |  7 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the literal sense, Nathaniel Hawthorns Rappaccinis Daughter is the story about the rivalry between two scientists that ultimately causes the destruction of an innocent young woman. However, when the story is examined on a symbolic level, the reader sees that Rappaccinis Daughter is an allegorical reenactment of the original fall from innocence and purity in the Garden of Eden. Rappaccinis garden sets the stage of this allegory, while the characters of the story each represent the importantRead MoreHawthornes Quest for Perfection761 Words   |  4 Pages While critics argue that Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Birth Mark,† â€Å"Dr. Heidegger’s Experiment,† and â€Å"Rappaccinni’s Daughter† stand as an overt commentary on nature vs. science, Hawthorne actually uses these works to explore personal familial connections. First of all, these three short stores deal with nature and science, but when one delves deeper into the stories, it becomes apparent that Hawthorne actually explores relationships among family members. These three works of writing portray Hawthorne’s thematicRead MoreEssay on Science in Science Fiction1384 Words   |  6 Pagesauthor decides to depict the use of science varies greatly from story to story. Some may choose to use science in a good way, while others may show the negative impacts science could have. In â€Å"Nine Lives† by Ursula Le Guin and â€Å"Rappaccini’s Daughter† by Nathaniel Hawthorne each author shows how characters can be connected or driven apart by science. â€Å"Nine Lives† is a story that takes place on the planet Libra, where two men, Pugh and Martin, go to work. There they are joined by a Tenclone, a groupRead MoreA Comparative Analysis of the Concepts of Science and Nature in Nathaniel Hawthornes The Birthmark and Rappaccinis Daughter1531 Words   |  6 Pages Nathaniel Hawthornes The Birthmark and Rappaccinis Daughter both address the concepts of science and nature and the conflicts that the two typically generate. The protagonists in both stories feel that it is essential for them to do something in order to improve the persons they love. Moreover, they appear to consider that they actually want to help the persons they love instead of actually helping themselves by doing so. The women in the two stories focus on being as good as they can possiblyRead MoreScience in Nathaniel Hawthornes Rappaccinis Daughter1363 Words   |  6 Pagesstory â€Å"Rappaccini’s Daughter† can be seen as a love story about young man determined to be with his beloved, despite the fact that she is poisonous. However, when examining the text, underlying theme about science arise. During the time in which this piece was written, science was rapidly evolving. â€Å"All biological sciences must first go through a taxonomic stage since their data must be put in order before they can be employed in research on an analytical level†(Shryock 291) â€Å"Rappaccini’s Daughter†

The Importance of Not Lying Essay - 2119 Words

The Importance of Not Lying To lie means to make an untrue statement with the intent to deceive, according to the Webster’s dictionary. It also means to simply create a false or misleading statement on purpose. There are also many synonyms to the word â€Å"lie,† such as: prevaricate, equivocate, palter, and fib. The word lie happens to be the most blunt of this group. â€Å"Prevaricate† softens the bluntness of a lie by implying quibbling or confusing the issue. This form of lying is common in courtroomms and press conferences by lawyers and politicians. â€Å"Equivocate† implies using words having more than one sense in an attempt to say one thing but to mean another. This is an attempt to mislead one without feeling as if one has lied. â€Å"Palter†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦Without a sense of loyalty, there can be no sense of duty; what reasons would you then have to feel obligated to perform to the requested standards, to accept responsibility for your actions or the actions of others, or even to look for opportunities to improve oneself at all? Without obligation - that is to say, without being bound - sacrifice becomes nothing more than masochism at worst, a pity party at best. As soldiers, we are obligated to act on the loyalty we have for our U.S. constitution, the Army, our fellow soldiers, the nation and its heritage. This is our duty. Respect â€Å"Rely upon the golden rule.How we consider others reflects upon each of us, both personally and as a professional organization. Treat people as they should be treated.† According to The Free Dictionary: re ·spect tr.v. re ·spect ·ed, re ·spect ·ing, re ·spects 1. To feel or show deferential regard for; esteem. 2. To avoid violation of or interference with 3. To relate or refer to; concern. n. 1. A feeling of appreciative, often deferential regard; esteem 2. The state of being regarded with honor or esteem. 3. Willingness to show consideration or appreciation. 4. respects Polite expressions of consideration or deference I define respect as the ability to recognize and regard a persons boundaries, limits, and autonomy in both their personal and professional spheres of life. Appropriate interactions are based on this definition of respect. A seniorShow MoreRelated The Life of Oscar Wilde Essay1523 Words   |  7 Pagesrecent writtings are The Picture of Dorian Gray(1891), A Woman of No Importance(1894) and his most resent essay known as The Decay of Lying is Oscar’s story of his outrage about the current style of writing that is going into the art society. What has happened to the spectacularness of this art, it has come down to being as horrid as what is being published in the local newspapers. Is it true that The Decay of Lying has fallen to its deepest shadow of shame? It seems that in the words ofRead More Oscar Wilde Art Essay1488 Words   |  6 Pagesand Cyril and his touring of the United States and other countries have brought forth success to the literary giant. Some of his successful writings are The Picture of Dorian Gray(1891), A Woman of No Importance(1894) and his most resent essay known The Decay of Lying. Is it true that lying has fallen to its deepest shadow of shame? In the words of Wilde it is shamefully true. How could this type of atrocity take place, it seems that the Victorian society is still under the belief that theRead MoreSeen From Above Poem Analytical Essay838 Words   |  4 PagesAnalytical Essay About Poem â€Å"Seen From Above† by Wislawa Szymborska Second Draft Perceiving Real Importance Does a beetle’s death require as much thoughtful consideration as a human’s? Is a beetle only less significant as a human due to the contrasting proportions? Does size matter at all? A dead beetle lies on a path through a field and is meditated on for only a glance. The passing person then continues the right of way. Wislawa Szymborska attempts to change our ideas of death to comprehendRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde1382 Words   |  6 PagesOne might believe that honesty is one of the building blocks of a society and is what initiates trust between people; furthermore, the Victorian era was a time period in British history where rules and morals appeared to be strict. The Importance of Being Earnest, by Oscar Wilde, a nineteenth century author who was one of the most acclaimed playwrights of his day, is a play set in the Victorian time period that demonstrates how trivial telling the truth was. Different characters throughout Wilde’sR ead MoreAnalysis of The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wylde757 Words   |  3 PagesAnalysis of The Importance of Being Earnest: A Trivia Comedy for Serious People Oscar Wilde’s The Importance of Being Earnest is a satirical comedy, in which the characters create a double life to escape the burdens of the many social obligations imposed by late Victorian London society. The play repeatedly derides even the most sensitive social customs of the Victorian period, such as love and the institution of marriage. The protagonists, Algernon and Ernest, demonstrate Wilde’s suggestion ofRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde1364 Words   |  6 PagesIn order to fully understand the meaning of â€Å"The Importance of Being Earnest† and its importance in its time, one must look at Oscar Wilde’s background in relation to the Victorian time period. Biography.com states that Wilde had a very social life, growing up among influential Victorians and intellectuals of the time. As he grew older and became a successful writer, he began engaging in homosexual affairs which was a crime during the 19th century. He eventual ly started a relationship with AlfredRead MoreLying and Deception in Our Personal Relationships1637 Words   |  7 Pagesperson in this world who has never told a lie. No matter how big or small, direct or indirect, verbal or non-verbal; we all have told a lie. The problem with lying is most of the time your lies comes to light. Knapp and Vangelisiti state, â€Å"If acts of omission, exaggeration, vagueness, evasiveness, and substitution are all part of the act of lying, than everybody lies† (2006, p. 248). Whether you wore your sister’s dress, after she said no, only to have her come home with the dress in the dirty clothesRead MoreQuestions On Why Kids Lie Essay1128 Words   |  5 Pagesparents often fail to address early childhood lying, since the lying is almost innocent. Their child’s too young to know what lies are, or that lying’s wrong. When the child gets older and learns that lies are bad, parents believe that lying will stop. A child who is going to lie must recognize the truth, intellectually conceive of an alternate reality, and be able to convincingly sell that new reality to someone else. When children first begin to lying, they lie to avoid punishment, and because ofRead MoreLying Essay1403 Words   |  6 PagesA lie is an intentionally false statement. Admit it: Youve lied. Mostly everyone has lied. Since a young age, lying has been a part of our lives. Lying begins early. By the age of 3, most children know how to fib. When we do it well, we get what we want. Babies often falsify a cry to manipulate those around them to their wants as well as needs. Although lying is not socially acceptable it has become a part of everyone’s daily routine. Majority of people dislike liars however everyone has lied atRead MoreAnalysis of Humor in the Importance of Being Earnest1732 Words   |  7 PagesWRITTEN ASSIGNMENT 4 ANALYSIS OF HUMOR IN THE IMPORTANCE OF BEING EARNEST The Importance of Being Earnest is replete with two elements: pun and paradox. These two are played up immensely to present a very humorous approach to cultural criticism. In essence, it is a satirical comedy on the aristocratic class during the Victorian Era. The text is full of epigrams that expose the characters’ views on lying, marriage, reputation, society, gender, romance and love. Additionally, the play keeps

Role of the preamble in the interpretation of the Indian Constitution free essay sample

Constitution is a legal document having a special legal sanctity, which sets out the framework and the principal functions of the organs of the government of a state, and declares the principles governing the operation of those organs. No reading of any constitution can be complete without reading it from the beginning to the end. While the end may expand, or alter, the point of commencement can never change. It is the Preamble wherefrom the constitution commences. Hence, the significance of the Preamble. The Preamble is the basic structure of the Constitution. It says that the people are the ultimate authority and the Constitution emerges from them. The Preamble emphasizes the unity of Nation and it also defines the objectives of the Indian Republic. It is no exaggeration to say that the Preamble to the constitution of India is its spirit and backbone. It is the soul of the Constitution and is a precious part of the Constitution. Ever since the day it was adopted by the Constituent Assembly it has enabled the Constitution to stand erect- neither bending nor breaking. This work deals with the role of the Preamble and its interpretational value. The research also handles the varied aspects of the Preamble in a precise and structured manner. A separate chapter deals with the words and phrases used in the Preamble. An authoritative interpretation of the keywords which occur in the Preamble is given, supported by views by citing court cases wherever required. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM The Constitution is the documentation of the founding faiths of a nation and the fundamental directions for their fulfillment. It is that body of doctrines and practices which form basis for organizing a state. Generally, constitutions all over the world have a preamble. A preamble describes the philosophy of the constitution and is the preface to it. Preamble states the ideals, goals and objectives of the constitution. No reading of any Constitution can be complete without reading Preamble from the beginning to the end. It is the Preamble wherefrom the Constitution commences. Each and every word of the Preamble of the Constitution of India has been cautiously chosen for the very reason that. However, One cannot overlook the fact that the enforceability of the preamble in a court of law has been called into question in the past. Therefore, this project attempts to study the role and significance of the Preamble in the interpretation of the Indian Constitution. REVIEW OF LITERATURE The review of literature provides scientific theories and cites various literatures that was done elsewhere in relation to Preamble and its role in the interpretation of the Indian Constitution and which will in turn help to provide foundation for analysis and discussion. The research is based on articles, books, Constitution of India and old judgements by the Supreme Court of India. The preamble to the constitution is the lodestar and guides those who find themselves in grey dealing with its provision. 1 Our Constitution is not just a mere set of fundamental laws that form the basis of governance of our country but it embodies and reflects certain basic values, philosophy and objectives that were held very dear to our founding fathers. These values do find expression in various articles and provisions of our Constitution and mostly, the Preamble to our Constitution embodies the fundamental values and the philosophy on which the Constitution is based. 2 The Preamble of our Constitution shows that the people of India had resolved to constitute India into a Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic and promised to secure to all its citizens Justice, Liberty and Equality and to promote among them all Fraternity assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation. The basic philosophy of our Constitution is summed up in the Preamble. Preamble made it clear that Constitution emanated from the people of India and not from any external authority or any less authority than the people of India. 3 1 In S. R. Bommai v. Union of India4, it was stated that the expression â€Å"provisions of the Constitution† in Article 356 (1) would include the Preamble. 2 In Berubari Union and Exchange of Enclaves5, AIR 1960 SC 845, the Supreme Court considered the preamble a key to open the mind of the Constitution makers. It was contended that the Preamble constituted an implied limitation on the power to amend the Constitution under Art. 368 and that since the Preamble set up a sovereign Republic, no part of territory could be ceded to a foreign power, even by amending the Constitution. This contention was negatived by the unanimous 7-Judge Bench holding that- a The Preamble could not be used as an implied limitation upon the power of the sovereign Legislature to cede any part of its territory to a foreign State [ para. 29] b The only purpose of a Preamble was to show the general purposes for which the authors of the Constitution made the (i. e. , the enacting) several provisions in the Constitution. But it could not be regarded as an independent source of any substantive power or prohibition, which could only be drawn from the express provisions in the body of the Constitution or by implication therefrom [para. 28]. It is in this connection, that it was observed that the Preamble was ‘not a part of the Constitution’ [para. 28] c The only use that could be made of the Preamble in the interpreting the Constitution was that where â€Å"the terms used in the articles of the Constitution are ambiguous or are capable of two meanings, in interpreting them some assistance may be sought in the objectives enshrined in the Constitution† [para. 29] 3 In Golak Nath’s case6, which followed the Berubari opinion1 ,it was held that the Preamble could not impose any implied prohibition or limitation on the power to amend the Constitution contained in Art. 368. 4 In Kesavananda Bharati’s case7, the observation in the Berubari case that the Preamble was not a part of the Constitution was negative. It was now held that the Preamble was adopted as a part of the Constitution . The words â€Å"this Constitution† in Art. 368, therefore, includes the Preamble. It was also held by majority that the power of amendment of the Constitution contained in Article 368 does not permit altering the basic structure of the Constitution and that the democratic set up was part of the basic structure of the Constitution. The objectives specified in the Preamble contain the basic structure of our constitution and this was upheld in this particular case. Each judge laid out separately, what he thought were the basic or essential features of the Constitution. Jaganmohan Reddy, J. stated that elements of the basic features were to be found in the Preamble of the Constitution and the provisions into which they translated such as: †¢ sovereign democratic republic †¢ parliamentary democracy †¢ three organs of the State He said that the Constitution would not be itself without the fundamental freedoms and the directive principles. 8 OBJECTIVES 1. To study and understand the interpretational value of the preamble i. e. role of preamble in interpretation of the constitution. 2. To study whether the Preamble indicates the source of authority of the constitution and the objects which the constitution seeks to establish and promote. HYPOTHESIS The preamble states the ideals, goals and objectives of the constitution and thus plays a vital role in the interpretation of the Indian constitution. RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1. Is the Preamble a part of the Indian Constitution? 2. What role does the Preamble play? 3. Does the preamble reflect the essential features and basic objectives of the Indian Constitution? 4. What is the extent of the interpretational value of the preamble? RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The researcher adopted doctrinal approach for the current thesis in order to gain deeper insights into as whether the preamble holds significance in the interpretation of the Indian Constitution. The research approach adopted was qualitative one. A qualitative method enables the researcher to understand and interpret the qualitative nature of the data that stands in the centre. The method of research includes case laws, previous studies, articles, various books and judgements available on the topic. CHAPTER II THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA The constitution is the supreme law of the land ordained and established by the people. All legislation must conform to the principles it lays down. In political theory, the constitution of a country is the result of an expression of the general will of the people as a whole. The constitution is a living and organic thing. Its outlook and expression as perceived and expressed by the interpreters of the Constitution must be dynamic and keep pace with the changing times. 9 Our Constitution is not just a mere set of fundamental laws that form the basis of governance of our country but it embodies and reflects certain basic values, philosophy and objectives that were held very dear to our founding fathers. These values do find expression in various articles and provisions of our Constitution and mostly, the Preamble to our Constitution embodies the fundamental values and the philosophy on which the Constitution is based. 10 CHAPTER III PROLOGUE TO THE PREAMBLE: THE OBJECTIVES RESOLUTION EVERY Constitution has a Philosophy of its own. For the philosophy underlying our Constitution the historic Objectives Resolution of Pandit Nehru must be looked into. The Constituent Assembly first met on 9th December 1946 and soon after that on 13th December the Objective Resolution declaring and defining the aims and purposes of the of the Constituent Assembly was moved. In the words of Pandit Nehru, the aforesaid Resolution was â€Å"something more than a resolution. It is a declaration, a firm resolve, a pledge, an undertaking and for all of us a dedication†. 11 Objectives Resolution of Pandit Nehru inspired the shaping of the Constitution through all its subsequent stages. The basic aspirations contained in the Resolution have found expression in the Preamble, so beautifully yet concisely worded. The Preamble embodies the lofty principles in a charming lucid manner. It has been praised by Ernest Barker in the following words â€Å"It seemed to me, when I read it, to state in a brief and pithy form the argument of much of the book †¦. I am the more moved to quote it because I am proud that the people of India should begin their independent life by subscribing to the principles of a political tradition which we in the West call Western, but which is now something more than Western. †12 CHAPTER IV PREAMBLE Preamble is a statement of objects, which are expected by the Constitution makers to be realized through the implementation of the Constitution. The Preamble was amended in 1976 through the 42nd Amendment which inserted three Secularism, Socialism and Integrity in Preamble. As these concepts were already implied in the Constitution, the addition was not considered to be the amendment of the basic features. Words and Phrases in the Preamble The words We the People of India emphasize the ultimate sovereignty of the people and that the Constitution itself is founded on the authority of the people â€Å"who hold the power and conduct the Government through their representatives†. The Preamble indicates the source from which the Constitution comes (Per SHELAT and GROVER JJ). The Preamble as expressed, is the sovereign will of people of India. 13 The source of the Constitution are the people themselves from whom the Constitution derives its ultimate sanction. Their assertion affirms the republican and democratic character of the Indian Polity and sovereignty of the people. The people of India thus constitute the sovereign political body who hold the ultimate power and who conduct the government of the country through their elected representatives. 14 The preamble was significant in numerous ways. It stated: (a) The nature of polity the Indians were to adopt, and (b) The objectives towards which the constitution was to strive The polity is described as: (i) Sovereign Sovereign means â€Å"A person, body, or state in which independent and supreme authority is vested A chief ruler with supreme power; a king or other ruler with limited power, supreme civil, military, and political power; the person or body of persons in whom the ultimate authority of law rests. †15 In short, it means the independent authority of a State. By declaring India as a sovereign entity, Preamble emphasizes complete political freedom. It implies that India is internally powerful and externally free. She is free to determine for herself without any external interference. There is none within her to challenge her authority. (ii) Socialist The word socialist was added to the Preamble by the 42nd amendment act of 1976. It stands to end all forms of exploitation in all spheres of our existence. The Constitution directs the state to ensure a planned and coordinated social advance in all fields while preventing concentration of wealth and power in few hands. In 1983, The Constitution Bench in Nakara’s case explained the meaning of ‘socialist ‘ in the Preamble, with reference to the foregoing Statement of Objects and reasons appended to the Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act, 1976, in these words – â€Å"The principal aim of a socialist State is to eliminate in equality in income and status and standards of life. The basic framework of socialism is to provide a decent standard of life to the working people and especially provide security from cradle to grave. This amongst others on economic side envisaged economic equality and equitable distribution of income. a socialist State provides for the education After the education is completed, socialism aims at equality in pursuit of excellence in the chosen avocation the less equipped person shall be assured a decent minimum standard of life and exploitation in any form shall be eschewed. There will be equitable distribution of national cake and the worst off shall be treated in such a manner has to push them up the ladder In the fall of life the State shall ensure to the citizen a reasonable decent standard of life, medical aid, freedom from want, freedom from fear and the enjoyable leisure, relieving the boredom and the humility of dependence in old age. †16 (iii) Secular Secularism means that the state should have no religion of its own. It implies that citizens have complete freedom to follow any religion, and there is no official religion. India, being a home to almost all major religions in the world, found secularism to be a convenient formula. The Government treats all religious beliefs and practices with equal respect and honour. It allows all its citizens to profess, preach and practice any religion of their liking. The Supreme Court in S. R Bommai v. Union of India held that secularism was an integral part of the basic structure of the Constitution. Secularism thus is a value in the sense that it supports to our plural society. It aims at promoting cohesion among different communities living in India. (iv) Democratic The word ‘democratic’ though not used in the Objectives Resolution, was used in the Preamble so as to assert people’s sovereignty. The term implies: (a) universal adult franchise, (b) free and fair elections, (c) periodic elections, (d) accountability, (e) elections at all levels of governance, and (f) equal participation of all in the polity The word democratic indicates the democratic spirit involved even in the Constitution. India is a democracy. It has adopted parliamentary democracy to ensure a responsible and stable government. As a form of government it derives its authority from the will of the people. The people elect the rulers of the country and the latter remain accountable to the people. (v) Republic A democratic republic is an entity in which the head of state is elected. As opposed to a monarchy, the Indian Constitution prefers to remain a republic. The office of the head of the state is elective. This idea strengthens and substantiates democracy that every citizen of India after attaining a particular age is equally eligible to become the head of the state if he is elected as such. Political equality is its chief message. Any sort of hereditary rule is thus regarded as a disvalue in India. The objectives as stated in the preamble are: (i) Justice Justice is called a total value. The fathers of the Indian Constitution stressed that the positive constructive aspect of political freedom has to be instrumental in the creation of a new social order, based on the doctrine of socio-economic justice. The message of socio-economic justice mentioned in the preamble to our Constitution has been translated into several articles enshrined in part-III and part- IV of the Constitution. Our constitution abolishes untouchability; prohibits exploitation of the women, children and the weak and advocates for reservation to raise the standard of the people oppressed over ages. Whenever our government undertakes any developmental project it always adds a human face to it. Therefore, this ideal of a just and egalitarian society remains as one of the foremost objectives. (ii) Liberty It was well understood by the fathers of the Indian Constitution that the ideal of democracy was unattainable without the presence of certain minimal rights which are essential for a free and civilized existence. Therefore, the Preamble mentions these essential individual rights such as freedom of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship which are assured to every member of the community against all the authorities of States by Part-III of the Constitution. (iii) Equality Every citizen of India is entitled to equality before law and equal protection of law. As a human being everybody has a dignified self. Equality rights include the right to be treated equally with others in the matter of justice, taxation, and in public offices and employment. It also means that all laws shall be applicable equally. 17 It is therefore held as an important value. Articles 14 to 18 give effect to this principle (iv) Fraternity: Fraternity stands for the spirit of common brotherhood. In the absence of that, a plural society like India stands divided. Therefore, to give meaning to all the ideals like justice, liberty and equality our Constitution gives ample stress on fraternity. This has been a foremost objective to achieve in a country composed of so many races, religions, languages and cultures. Article-51A(e) therefore, declares it as a duty of every citizen of India to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities. Dignity of the individual: Fraternity and dignity of the individuals have a close link. Fraternity is only achievable when the dignity of the individual will be secured and promoted. Our Constitution therefore directs the state through the Directives enshrined in the Part-IV of our Constitution to ensure the development of the quality of life to all sections of people. Our Constitution acknowledges that all citizens, men and women equally, have the right to an adequate means of livelihood (Art. -39 a) and just and humane conditions of work (Art. -42). Unity and integrity of the Nation: To maintain the independence of the country intact and enduring, unity and integrity of the nation is very essential. Therefore, the stress has been given on the ideal of fraternity which would foster unity amongst the inhabitants. Without a spirit of brotherhood amongst the people the ideals of unity and integration of people and nation seem unattainable. CHAPTER V PREAMBLE:- A PART OF THE CONSTITUTION OR NOT? The vexed question whether the Preamble is a part of the Constitution or not was dealt with in two leading cases on the subject: 1. Berubari case 2. Kesavananda Bharti case Berubari case was the Presidential Reference Under Art. 143(1) of the Constitution of India on the implementation of the Indo-Pak agreement relating to Berubari union and exchange of enclaves which come up for consideration by a bench consisting of eight judges headed by B. P. Sinha, C. J. Justice Gajendragadkar delivered the unanimous opinion of the court. Quoting story, the eminent Constitutional jurist, the court held that the Preamble to the Constitution containing the declaration made by the people of India in exercise of their sovereign will, no doubt is a key to open the minds of framers of the Constitution which may show the general purposes for which they made the several provisions in the Constitution but nevertheless the Preamble is not a part of the Constitution. The holdings in Berubari Case18 has been succinctly summed up later by Shelat and Grover, JJ. In Kesavananda Bharti case as under: 1. A Preamble to the Constitution serves as a key to open the minds of the framers, and shows the general purpose for which they made the several provisions in the Constitution; 2. The Preamble is not a part of our Constitution; 3. It is not a source of the several powers conferred on government under the provisions of the Constitution; 4. Such powers embrace those expressly granted in the body of the Constitution and such as may be implied from those granted; 5. What is true about the powers is equally true about the prohibitions and limitations; 6. The Preamble did not indicate the assumptions that the first part of the Preamble postulates a very serious limitation on one of the very important attributes of sovereignty. Berubari case was relied on in Golaknath case19, Wanchoo, J. said- On a parity of reasoning we are of the opinion that the Preamble cannot prohibit or control in any way or impose any implied prohibitions or limitationson the bar to amend the Constitution contained in Article 368. Bachawat, J. observed- Moreover the Preamble cannot control the unambiguous language of the Articles of the Constitution. It is a matter of regret, yet the eminent Judges constituting the bench answering the presidential reference in Berubari Case overlooked a matter of record, that constitutional history. The motion adopted by the Constituent Assembly stated in so many words that the Preamble stands as a part of the Constitution. The error came to be corrected in Kesavananda Bharti20 case where the majority specifically ruled that the Preamble was as much a part of the constitution as any other provision therein. Kesavanada Bharati Case created a history when a bench of 13 Judges had assembled and sat in its original jurisdiction and heard the writ petition. It was held in this case: a. that the Preamble to the Constitution of India is a part of Constitution b. that the Preamble is not a source of power nor a source of limitations. c. the Preamble has a significant role to play in the interpretation of statues, also in the interpretation of provisions of the Constitution. It was now held that the Preamble was adopted as a part of the Constitution. The words â€Å"this Constitution† in Art. 368, therefore, includes the Preamble and it is not beyond the pale of the amending power, not does anything in the Preamble restrict the amending power conferred by Art. 368. CHAPTER VI ROLE OF THE PREAMBLE The importance and utility of the preamble has been pointed out in several decisions of the Supreme Court. Though, by itself, it is not enforceable in a court of law, the preamble to a written constitution states the objects which the constitution seeks to establish and promote and also aids the legal interpretation of the constitution where the language is found to be ambiguous. For a proper appreciation of the aims and aspirations embodied in our constitution, therefore, we must turn to the various expressions contained in the preamble. The Preamble to our Constitution serves two purposes: (a) It indicates the source from which the constitution derives its authority; (b) It also states the objects which the constitution seeks to establish and promote. The purpose of this preamble is to clarify who has made the Constitution, what is its source, what is the ultimate sanction behind it; what is the nature of quality which is sought to be established by the Constitution and what are its goals and objectives. The preamble to the Constitution is not a mere flourish of words, but was an ideal setup for practices and observance as a matter of law through Constitutional mechanism. 21 It was declared in I. C. Golaknath case that â€Å"it (preamble) contains in a nutshell, its ideals and its aspirations. The preamble is not a platitude but the mode of its realisation worked out in detail in the Constitution†22. The Preamble does not make any grant of power, but it gives a direction and purpose to the Constitution which is reflected in Parts III and IV. A comparison of the Preamble, with the broad features of this Constitution it would appear that the Preamble is an epitome of these features or put it differently these features on an amplification or concretisation of the concepts set out in the Preamble. The Preamble has the stamp of deep deliberation and is marked by precision. It would suggest that framers of the Constitution attached special significance to Preamble. The true function of the Preamble is to suspend the nature and extent and application of the powers actually conferred by the Constitution and not substantially to create them: (as per Shelet and Grover J. J. in Keshavanand Bharti v. State of Kerela) Other learned judges who expressed their opinion on Preamble state that: â€Å"From the Preamble, it is quite clear that the two primary objectives that were before the constituent assembly 1. To constitute india into a sovereign democratic republic and 2. To secure to its citizens the right mentioned therein. CHAPTER VII PREAMBLE SOURCE OF BASIC STRUCTURE The objectives specified in the preamble contain the basic structure of our Constitution, which cannot be amended in exercise of the power under Art 368 of the Constitution. In Bommai’s case23 the majority of nine Judges laid down a new application of the Preamble under the Constitution, which is as follows: 1. The Preamble indicates the basic Structure of the Constitution 2. A Proclamation under Article 356(1) is open to judicial review on the ground of violating the basic structure of the Constitution. 3. It follows that a proclamation under Article 356(1), which violates any of the basic features, as summarized in the Preamble of the Constitution is liable to be struck down as unconstitutional. 4. A further extension of this innovation is that a political party, which appeals to religion in its election manifesto, acts in violation of the basic structure, and the President may impose Presidents Rule on a report of the Governor that a party has issued such a manifesto. Keshavananda Bharati’s judgement helped in establishing the theory of â€Å"basic structure†. Para. 599 of the judgement reads as follows â€Å"The basic structure of the Constitution is not a vague concept and the apprehensions expressed on behalf of the respondents that neither the citizen nor the Parliament would be able to understand it are unfounded. If the historical background, the Preamble, the entire scheme of the Constitution, the relevant provisions thereof including Article 368 are kept in mind there can be no difficulty in discerning that the following can be regarded as the basic elements of the Constitutional structure. (These cannot be catalogued but can only be illustrated). 1. The supremacy of the Constitution. 2. Republican and Democratic form of Government and sovereignty of the country. 3. Secular and federal character of the Constitution. 4. Demarcation of power between the legislature, the executive and the judiciary. 5. The dignity of the individual (secured by the various freedoms and basic rights in Part III and the mandate to build a welfare State contained in Part IV. 6. The unity and the integrity of the nation. † Para. 1164 of the judgement reads as follows â€Å"The Preamble to the Constitution which our founding fathers have, after the Constitution was framed, finally settled to conform to the ideals and aspirations of the people embodied in that instrument, have in ringing tone declared the purposes and objectives which the Constitution was intended to subserve. How far the Preamble can be resorted to for interpreting the Constitution has been the subject of debate After referring to Story that the Preamble is a key to open the mind of the makers and a passage from Willoughby that it has never been regarded as source of any substantive power, etc. , the learned Chief Justice concluded thus : What is true about the powers is equally true about the prohibitions and limitations At the highest it may perhaps be arguable that if the terms used in any of the articles in the Constitution are ambiguous or are capable of two meanings, in interpreting them some assistance may be sought in the objectives enshrined in the preamble It may be pointed out that the passage from Story and Willoughby cited therein have not been fully extracted. For a proper appreciation of the views of these authors it is necessary to examine the relevant passages in, full. Story says, It is an admitted maxim that the preamble of a statute is a key to open the mind of the makers as to the mischiefs, which are to be remedied, and the objects, which are to be accomplished by the provisions of the statutethe will and intention of the legislature is to be regarded and followed. It is properly resorted to, where doubts or ambiguities arise upon the words of the enacting part for if they are clear and unambiguous, there seems little room for interpretation, except in cases leading to an obvious absurdity, or to a direct overthrow of the intention expressed in the preamble. There does not seem any reason why, in a fundamental law or Constitution of government, an equal attention should not be given to the intention of the framers, as stated in the preamble The preamble can never be resorted to, to enlarge the powers confided to the general government, or any of its departments. It cannot confer any power per se Its true office is to expound the nature, and extent, and application of the powers actually conferred by the Constitution, and not substantively to create them. We have the strongest assurances, that this preamble was not adopted as a mere formulary but as a solemn promulgation of a fundamental fact, vital to the character and operations of the government. (Story, Constitution of the United States, Vol. I, pp. 443-446). † CHAPTER VIII INTERPRETATIONAL VALUE OF THE PREAMBLE Preamble of the Constitution is framed with the great care and deliberation so that it reflects the high purpose and noble objective of the constitution makers. The recognition of the Preamble as a part of the Constitution has enhanced its value as an aid to interpretation of the constitution. Since it embodies the philosophy underlying the Constitution and it cannot be brushed aside as a surplusage, the Supreme Court has made frequent use of the Preamble in interpreting the substantive provisions of the Constitution I. A most clear case is where the language of an enacting provision of the constitution is ambiguous or capable of two meanings, the court should adopt that meaning which is consistent with the preamble or advances its purpose. II. An analogous case is where there is no provision in the constitution on the matter before the court, i. e. , on a matter on which the Constitution is silent. III. In the early case of Gopalan, it was observed that in interpreting the Fundamental Rights enumerated in part III of the Constitution, the high purpose and spirit of the preamble, namely, that it assured to the citizen the dignity of the individual and other cherished human values as a means to the full evolution and expression of his personality, should be borne in mind. IIIA. Major judgement in Keshavnanda Bharati’s case has strongly relied on the preamble in reaching the conclusion that power of amendment conferred by article 368 of the constitution was limited and did not enable Parliament to order basic structure or framework of the constitution. CONCLUSION Our Constitution is not just a mere set of fundamental laws that form the b

Appearance vs. Reality free essay sample

There are many motifs in Shakespeare’s Macbeth, but one of the most important is the recurring disassociation of appearance and reality. The entire motif is introduced in the first scene when the witches say â€Å"Fair is foul and foul is fair† (1,i,12). This is then reiterated as important when Macbeth says, â€Å"So foul and fair a day I have not seen. † (1,iii, 39). Drawing parallels and comparing two polar opposites, such as foul and fair, sets the stage for the dissimilarity between appearance and reality. This motif changes as the characters change, however, and it moves from the main characters not knowing what to believe or trust, to the main characters using the variance to their own advantage and hiding their true motives, to finally causing the main characters to go insane. Throughout the entirety of Macbeth, what the characters have seen and what the readers know to be true have often times been contrasting. This divergence between appearance and reality grows and develops with the characters throughout the play. In the beginning of the play, Macbeth is naive and content with his place in life. This creates an inability for Macbeth to see that appearances are not always the gateway to reality. In Act 1, Macbeth comes across the witches and is immediately aware of the fact that all is not as it should be. He mentions the foul and fair day and then notices the odd appearances of the beings in front of him. Macbeth refuses to admit that their exteriors might not represent who they are and he brings this up by saying â€Å"You should be women, and yet your beards forbid me to interpret that you are so† (1, iii, 47-49). He refuses to see anything beyond what is right in front of him. He does acknowledge the disparity when he says that even though these women â€Å"look not like th’ inhabitants o’ th’ earth† (1,iii, 42) they are on it and so because he sees two differing ideas, he is allowing himself to understand that not everything is as it seems. This scene and Macbeth’s reactions to seeing these unreal witches show his inexperience with lies and deceit. This greenness shows Macbeth’s immaturity and it also shows just how far Macbeth changes in this play. Later on, the main characters of Macbeth use the distinction between appearance and reality in order to hide their true intentions. This is spoken about by Duncan in relation to the betrayal by the previous Thane of Cawdor. â€Å"There’s no art to find the mind’s construction in the face† (1, iv, 13-14) This foreshadows Duncan’s inability to see the truth behind the facade. This allows Macbeth to play the role of gracious host and then murder his liege. Later on, Duncan’s own sons bring this up again while discussing their father’s demise. Donalbain says that there are â€Å"daggers in men’s smiles† (2, iii, 165) which is a direct comparison to his father’s mentioning of people hiding their true motives behind their face, but at the same time it juxtaposes itself with the previous statement with the fact that Duncan showed his inadequacy whereas Donalbain shows his awareness. Macbeth uses the same type of comparison between the face and the truth as a justification for his own perfidy when he says, â€Å"False face must hide what the false heart doth know. † (1, vii, 95-96). This statement also juxtaposes itself with both statements made by Scotland’s royal family because Macbeth uses it to show that he himself is going to be placing a mask over his true intentions. This shows a difference between Macbeth at the beginning of the play and the Macbeth at the point of this quote. At the time of the quote Macbeth has not only accepted the fact that appearance and reality don’t always mesh, but he has lowered himself enough to use that divergence to his own advantage in order to introduce his duplicity. As well as Macbeth altering and shifting from the life stage of naivety to the stage of selfishness and egocentricity. The next stage of Macbeth’s life that is seen in this show is insanity. It is important to mention that these life stages do not happen chronologically as Macbeth’s insanity, or to be more polite, possible schizophrenia, occurs throughout the play. The first instance of Macbeth seeing things that are not congruent with reality is the dagger that points him to Duncan’s room. Macbeth is perfectly aware that the dagger is not real which is made clear when he says, â€Å"art thou but a dagger of the mind, a false creation proceeding from the heat-oppressed brain† (2, i, 49-51). The hallucinations are a visible incarnation of the motif of appearance vs. reality. It does not stop with the daggers however, and as Macbeth continues to kill, his phantasms become ghastlier. After Macbeth kills his best friend, Banquo, he gets invited to sit with some people and turns them down saying that â€Å"the table’s full† (3, iv, 54) because he sees Banquo post-mortem with blood ripping down his face. These illusions, while embodying the variance between appearance and reality, also exemplify Macbeth’s need for something to justify his feelings. The discrepancy between appearance and reality in this play allows the viewers an inside look at how the characters advance from one stage of life to the next. The first stage is naivety and is shown by Macbeth’s unawareness of the way the world breaks the connection between external appearances and internal reality. The nest stage was egoism where Macbeth did exactly as both Duncan and his son said and used the disparity between appearances and reality for his own benefit. The third non-chronological stage is insanity where the incongruence was used as a way for Macbeth to conjure up hallucinations that would validate his own emotions. Shakespeare uses this motif in order to shed some light on the reality of Macbeth that is hidden behind his appearance.